LED current limiting resistor
The key to maximizing LED life is limiting the current that runs through it. This is frequently done with a simple resistor whose value is calculated using Ohm's Law.
When computing the value of a current limiting resistor for a single LED, the basic form of Ohm's Law \(V = I \cdot R \) becomes \[R = \frac{V_{battery} - V_{LED}}{I_{LED}}\]
Resistor of 330Ω
For a 9v battery and a single LED the current can be limited to 20mA as \[R=\frac{9v-2v}{20mA} = 350 \Omega\]
Choose a 330Ω resistor and assuming only a voltage drop of 1.8 volts across the resistor will give a current as \[I=\frac{9v-1.8v}{330\Omega} = 22 mA\]
Resistor of 470Ω
A lower current means a longer lifetime for the LED, so lets see what will happen if we choose another resistor. For a 9v battery and a single LED the current can be limited to 15mA as \[R=\frac{9v-2v}{15mA} = 467 \Omega\]
A close value would be to choose a 470Ω resistor and assuming only a voltage drop of 1.7 volts at this lower current level, the resistor will give a current as \[I=\frac{9v-1.7v}{470\Omega} = 16 mA\]
Using an NPN to control the current
An npn transistor can be used to control the turn-on and turn-off of an LED, but this still requires a current limiting resisto. The LED is connected between the emittor and battery-minus and the current limiting resistor between the battery-plus and the collector.
Suppose we want to have 15mA through the LED and we use a npn transistor that has on average has a beta equal to 500 \(hfe=500\). This requires a base current of only \[I_{base}=\frac{15mA}{500} = 30\mu A\]
Assuming a voltage drop of 1.7 volts over the LED and 0.7volts over the base-emittor, we can expect a 2.4 volts at the base of the transistor. To get a base current of 30 μA we would need a base resistor of \[R_{base} = \frac{9v - 2.4v}{30 \mu A} = 220 k\Omega\]
As the simulations shows, there is a current equal to 15mA. The voltage drop over the current limiting resistance of 220Ω equals \[V_{Resistor} = 220 \cdot 15mA = 3.3 volts\] The voltage of the LED equals 1.7 volts, so the remain voltage over the transistor is \[ V_{ce} = 9 - 3.3 - 1.7 = 4 volts \] This means that the transistor is not fully saturaed and will dissipate \[P_{transistor} = V_{ce} \cdot 15mA = 60mW\]
Blinking LED
To create a blinking LED, we can use the Signal Generator. We can either use an NPN transistor for controlling the LED, or directly drive the LED from the Nor output.
